Why the Roman Empire fell? How and who decide when one was left to the next step? The answers are multiple and voluminous, it is true that in reviewing the Universal History is the historical transitions that have been marked by the fall of any system, whether political, social and / or economic. Although I do except that these milestones are only valid for the West, though on two occasions these changes have come under pressure from the East.
In all cases, there have been critical and dramatic events have served as symbolic landmarks or turning points, although the conditions that promoted the transition have been generating years earlier.
The End of the Age Antigua (746 AD) is marked by the taking and sacking of the city of Rome by the Barbarians, who for nearly a hundred years ago came to push the boundaries of an empire rundown due to a declining series of emperors, in turn they were being displaced by the Huns from the East.
The Middle Ages (1453 AD), ended with the capture of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman-besieged city for years and fell behind the expansive pressure of the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II, who already had a great time sitting in the Balkans. The city fell after a naval blockade and the apathy of papal empires and republics Italian Genoa, Venice and Pisa, which did not support the decadent empire even though the city had its commercial empire.
The term of the modern era is marked by July 14, 1789, the day of the storming of the Bastille, a medieval castle that served as a prison in the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. The French Revolution was the corollary of years spreading the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity that began with the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in the mid eighteenth century. Peoples in different parts of the world began to question the established order through Reason, strengthened by the ideas of Descartes, Newton and Adam Smith explained the world in a new way so far. It was the Age of Reason but with actions full of passion and violence, was the era of the expansion of new powers, wars of independence in America, capitalism and class struggle.
Since then we live the Contemporary Age. Many things have happened in the twentieth century may have marked the change was, for example, the arrival of man on the moon would have had the effect it had Columbus's voyage, but remained an isolated event, manned space travel other planets were suspended and all subsequent astronomical discoveries have not had a direct impact on people's lives. Neither the World Wars or the Cold War or the fall of the Berlin Wall have had a dramatic effect on the way we live and think, watched coolly from the twenty-first century, no matter how painful to witness the loss of life in most cases it was a realignment of global forces and axes while maintaining the system. What brought these events was the fall of the great utopias and ideologies: the rest of the west end of Westernized, expanding the "doctrine" to the rest of Eastern Europe and most western countries. Finally it appeared that a single system would prevail in the world.
seemed.
The speed of scientific and technological production have created not only new ways of living but to think and interact with others. In this it has been about the development of communication: telephone, fax, Internet, development of fiber optics allows not only to exchange voice, but images and vast amounts of data in real time. There is talk now of a parallel reality: virtual reality. For 20 years it implements the concept of Global Village, Environmental protection, but also tribalization (taken as an example the Balkan conflict) societies, minority ethnic, racial disputes and the resurgence of conflicts Religion. The displacement of large masses of people has created new problems and the world divided between East and West has altered its axis north - south. Moreover, in a single territory different societies live separated by race, religion or culture.
air and sea traffic, communication of all kinds, which have broken down borders and time zones, not only transporting goods and migrants, but also diseases. Epidemics require hours or days to have the potential to become pandemic. In response to this, they get back up barriers to trade are customs, immigration to stop the influx of masses of people or alerts quarantine to prevent spread of disease, but appear invisible and insurmountable hurdles, those of religious ideas, censorship. Reappearance of human trafficking, as it was centuries ago, slavery, promoted this time by poverty and organized crime.
For many reasons the "Big City is not as global as it is perceived that the exchange is unequal is that some systems of government decided to close ideologically: China, North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan. Some companies look inward and try to assert their culture in distant countries, we are witnessing the rise of cultural and religious ghettos. This movement is often not only ideas but of actions. Every action generates a reaction side opposite socially or politically. Islam once again make their holy war across millions of Muslim migrants in Europe and the United States.
to a critical event occurs in 2001: the Fall of the Twin Towers in New York, plus the simultaneous attack on the Pentagon and the failed attack on the Capitol. Months after the attack occurs in the Madrid Metro and other measures failed in Europe. Becomes alert the world to the appearance of cartoons of Muhammad and becomes national discussion of veils employment or placement of crucifixes in schools in Europe. The jihad reached its zenith. Since then, U.S. representative of the new world order emerged in the second half of the twentieth century, appears vulnerable for the first time.
Since then, their citizens are moving targets in its territory or anywhere in the world. The alert states begin to multiply and drag in this alert almost all the West. The reaction unwise to invade Iraq by the new allies has only to tighten the reactions with Islam. The world has become split.
And as a corollary of the crisis, came the economic debacle of 2008. The bursting of the speculative housing bubble that has brought down the economic boom of the West. This year, almost simultaneously economies U.S., UK, Spain, France, Greece and other European and South American countries are seeing huge budget cuts and strong with obvious social implications. Today, this time one can see in the news global protests in the British Parliament, the riots in Paris and the fall of Barack Obama's popularity in the United States on the eve of the elections for the renewal of the Congress.
For the first time, have seen reports on television networks on poverty, which affects not only undocumented immigrants but U.S. citizens living once the apparent prosperity at the cost of credit. Thousands of families lost their homes in all states of the Union because of its inability to pay mortgages. The unemployment rate rises in developed economies. To make matters worse, a landmark case as the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico by the company BP revives the ghosts of the indiscriminate exploitation of resources and its harmful effect on the environment.
can not think or conceive the world as 20 years ago. Past celebrations for the new millennium, the world will not only walk but also perceived differently. It is evident in everyday life, human relationships in the media, economics and politics. As never before, events are quickly replaced by others of equal or greater magnitude is now living what Mario Vargas Llosa has called the Society of Entertainment. As never before the privacy of individuals is made public in seconds mails, blogs, and twitters facebooks.
culture has changed, especially the literature is reflecting the social situation and fears, for sample A Man in the Dark by Paul Auster, Don DeLillo's Falling Man, At the Foot of the Ladder of Lorrie Moore. There is a new way of writing, such as Diary of a Bad Year by JM Coetzee and Dublinesca of Enrique Vila-Matas to take an example. I know I'm leaving several titles and perhaps you can name more.
The world has changed together with their paradigms, we can not think in the same terms as in the late twentieth century, the explosive event that marked the symbolic starting point: on September 11, 2001, attack by Al Qaeda United States.
also would be remiss to name the new era.
In all cases, there have been critical and dramatic events have served as symbolic landmarks or turning points, although the conditions that promoted the transition have been generating years earlier.
The End of the Age Antigua (746 AD) is marked by the taking and sacking of the city of Rome by the Barbarians, who for nearly a hundred years ago came to push the boundaries of an empire rundown due to a declining series of emperors, in turn they were being displaced by the Huns from the East.
The Middle Ages (1453 AD), ended with the capture of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman-besieged city for years and fell behind the expansive pressure of the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II, who already had a great time sitting in the Balkans. The city fell after a naval blockade and the apathy of papal empires and republics Italian Genoa, Venice and Pisa, which did not support the decadent empire even though the city had its commercial empire.
The term of the modern era is marked by July 14, 1789, the day of the storming of the Bastille, a medieval castle that served as a prison in the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI. The French Revolution was the corollary of years spreading the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity that began with the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in the mid eighteenth century. Peoples in different parts of the world began to question the established order through Reason, strengthened by the ideas of Descartes, Newton and Adam Smith explained the world in a new way so far. It was the Age of Reason but with actions full of passion and violence, was the era of the expansion of new powers, wars of independence in America, capitalism and class struggle.
Since then we live the Contemporary Age. Many things have happened in the twentieth century may have marked the change was, for example, the arrival of man on the moon would have had the effect it had Columbus's voyage, but remained an isolated event, manned space travel other planets were suspended and all subsequent astronomical discoveries have not had a direct impact on people's lives. Neither the World Wars or the Cold War or the fall of the Berlin Wall have had a dramatic effect on the way we live and think, watched coolly from the twenty-first century, no matter how painful to witness the loss of life in most cases it was a realignment of global forces and axes while maintaining the system. What brought these events was the fall of the great utopias and ideologies: the rest of the west end of Westernized, expanding the "doctrine" to the rest of Eastern Europe and most western countries. Finally it appeared that a single system would prevail in the world.
seemed.
The speed of scientific and technological production have created not only new ways of living but to think and interact with others. In this it has been about the development of communication: telephone, fax, Internet, development of fiber optics allows not only to exchange voice, but images and vast amounts of data in real time. There is talk now of a parallel reality: virtual reality. For 20 years it implements the concept of Global Village, Environmental protection, but also tribalization (taken as an example the Balkan conflict) societies, minority ethnic, racial disputes and the resurgence of conflicts Religion. The displacement of large masses of people has created new problems and the world divided between East and West has altered its axis north - south. Moreover, in a single territory different societies live separated by race, religion or culture.
air and sea traffic, communication of all kinds, which have broken down borders and time zones, not only transporting goods and migrants, but also diseases. Epidemics require hours or days to have the potential to become pandemic. In response to this, they get back up barriers to trade are customs, immigration to stop the influx of masses of people or alerts quarantine to prevent spread of disease, but appear invisible and insurmountable hurdles, those of religious ideas, censorship. Reappearance of human trafficking, as it was centuries ago, slavery, promoted this time by poverty and organized crime.
For many reasons the "Big City is not as global as it is perceived that the exchange is unequal is that some systems of government decided to close ideologically: China, North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan. Some companies look inward and try to assert their culture in distant countries, we are witnessing the rise of cultural and religious ghettos. This movement is often not only ideas but of actions. Every action generates a reaction side opposite socially or politically. Islam once again make their holy war across millions of Muslim migrants in Europe and the United States.
to a critical event occurs in 2001: the Fall of the Twin Towers in New York, plus the simultaneous attack on the Pentagon and the failed attack on the Capitol. Months after the attack occurs in the Madrid Metro and other measures failed in Europe. Becomes alert the world to the appearance of cartoons of Muhammad and becomes national discussion of veils employment or placement of crucifixes in schools in Europe. The jihad reached its zenith. Since then, U.S. representative of the new world order emerged in the second half of the twentieth century, appears vulnerable for the first time.
Since then, their citizens are moving targets in its territory or anywhere in the world. The alert states begin to multiply and drag in this alert almost all the West. The reaction unwise to invade Iraq by the new allies has only to tighten the reactions with Islam. The world has become split.
And as a corollary of the crisis, came the economic debacle of 2008. The bursting of the speculative housing bubble that has brought down the economic boom of the West. This year, almost simultaneously economies U.S., UK, Spain, France, Greece and other European and South American countries are seeing huge budget cuts and strong with obvious social implications. Today, this time one can see in the news global protests in the British Parliament, the riots in Paris and the fall of Barack Obama's popularity in the United States on the eve of the elections for the renewal of the Congress.
For the first time, have seen reports on television networks on poverty, which affects not only undocumented immigrants but U.S. citizens living once the apparent prosperity at the cost of credit. Thousands of families lost their homes in all states of the Union because of its inability to pay mortgages. The unemployment rate rises in developed economies. To make matters worse, a landmark case as the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico by the company BP revives the ghosts of the indiscriminate exploitation of resources and its harmful effect on the environment.
can not think or conceive the world as 20 years ago. Past celebrations for the new millennium, the world will not only walk but also perceived differently. It is evident in everyday life, human relationships in the media, economics and politics. As never before, events are quickly replaced by others of equal or greater magnitude is now living what Mario Vargas Llosa has called the Society of Entertainment. As never before the privacy of individuals is made public in seconds mails, blogs, and twitters facebooks.
culture has changed, especially the literature is reflecting the social situation and fears, for sample A Man in the Dark by Paul Auster, Don DeLillo's Falling Man, At the Foot of the Ladder of Lorrie Moore. There is a new way of writing, such as Diary of a Bad Year by JM Coetzee and Dublinesca of Enrique Vila-Matas to take an example. I know I'm leaving several titles and perhaps you can name more.
The world has changed together with their paradigms, we can not think in the same terms as in the late twentieth century, the explosive event that marked the symbolic starting point: on September 11, 2001, attack by Al Qaeda United States.
also would be remiss to name the new era.
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